Incidence of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses and norovirus and rotavirus in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf / [Incidência de vírus da hepatite A e hepatite E e norovírus e rotavírus em amostras de peixes e camarões capturados no Golfo Pérsico]

Foodborne viruses including hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RoV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are easily transmitted through contaminated seafoods. The current research was done to assess the incidence of RoV, NoV GI and GII,hAV and hEV in fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Three-hundred and twenty fish and shrimp samples were collected. The presence of foodborne viruses were assessed by the real-time PCR. Forty-nine out of 320 (15.31%) fish and shrimp samples were positive for foodborne viruses. Distribution of hAV, NoV GI and NoV GII amongst all studied samples were 0.93%, 5.93% and 8.43%, respectively. hEV and RoV viruses were not found in studied samples. Parastromateus niger and Scomberomorus commerson fish and Penaeus monodon shrimp were the most frequently contaminated samples. Simultaneous incidence of hAV and NoV GI and hAV and NoV GII were 0.31% and 0.93%, respectively. Distribution of foodborne viruses in samples collected through spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons were 14.28%, 9.33%, 11.76% and 24.44%, respectively. Findings revealed that the incidence of foodborne viruses was significantly associated with seafood species and also season of sampling.(AU)

Vírus transmitidos por alimentos, incluindo hepatite A (HAV), norovírus (NoV), rotavírus (RoV) e hepatite E (HEV) são facilmente transmitidos através de frutos do mar contaminados. Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar a incidência de RoV, NoV GI e GII, hAV e hEV em amostras de peixes e camarões capturadas no Golfo Pérsico, Irã. Foram coletadas 300 amostras de peixes e camarões. A presença de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real. Quarenta e nove das 320 amostras de peixes e camarões (15,31%) foram positivas para vírus transmitidos por alimentos. A distribuição de hAV, NoV GI e NoV GII entre as amostras estudadas foi 0,93%, 5,93% e 8,43%, respectivamente. Os vírus hEV e RoV não foram encontrados nas amostras estudadas. Os peixes Parastromateus niger e Scomberomorus commerson e o camarão Penaeus monodon foram as amostras mais frequentemente contaminadas. A incidência simultânea de hAV e NoV GI, e hAV e NoV GII foi de 0,31% e 0,93%, respectivamente. A distribuição dos vírus transmitidos por alimentos nas amostras coletadas na primavera, verão, outono e inverno foi de 14,28%, 9,33%, 11,76% e 24,44%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram que a incidência de vírus transmitidos por alimentos foi significativamente associada às espécies de frutos do mar e também à época da amostragem.(AU)

[Effects of standardized extract of ginseng [G115] on biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind clinical trial]

Systemic Inflammation plays a crutal play in the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of standardized extract of ginseng [G115] in Biomarkers of Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation in patients with Type 2 diabetes. This randomized, double-blind trial was performed on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes [28 females and 12 males] were randomly assigned to two groups. Group one were given 300 mg [3×100 mg capsules] standardized extract of ginseng, while group 2 took placebos. After eight weeks, anthropometric indices, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c], interleukin 6 [IL6], tumor necrosis factor [TNFalpha] and high sensitive C- Reactive Protein [hsCRP] were studied. In the present study, no significant differences were observed in anthropometric indices, glycated hemoglobin and TNFalpha in the intervention and placebo groups before and after intervention. At the end of the study, a significant reduction was observed in IL6 [8.43 +/- 1.17 vs. 6.79 +/- 1.39 ng/L] and hsCRP [3.61 +/- 0.49 vs. 3.03 +/- 0.33 mg/dL] in the treatment group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in IL6 [6.79 +/- 1.39 vs. 7.85 +/- 0.69 ng/L] and hsCRP [3.03 +/- 0.33 vs. 3.49 +/- 0.39 mg/dL] between the intervention and placebo groups at the end of the study. Administration of standardized ginseng extract for eight weeks caused reductions in IL6 and hsCRP in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, administration of standardized extract of ginseng may play an effective role in the management of these patients

[Conceptual model to improve portal services of private hospitals in Tehran]

Introduction: The main purpose of this article is to suggest a model to improve the portal services of private hospitals in Tehran

Methods: This research was practical and used evaluative survey research method. Research population of this evaluative survey included all of Tehran's private hospitals having portals as well as ten top international hospital portals. Data were gathered in March 2014 using researcher made checklist including 14 criteria and 77 index with their weight scores. Data were described using tables and graphs. Independent T test was used to statistically test the results

Results: Research findings demonstrated that Tehran private hospital portals, except for Contact Information and Page Design criteria, in most other criteria were in inappropriate conditions. On the contrary, international hospital portals except for Page Update criterion, in most of the criteria were in desirable condition

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Iranian hospital portals should plan to cover the gap in the quality of their portals compared with those of international hospital portals. The results also indicate that any suggesting model for Tehran private hospitals should enjoy 2 levels and 4 layers

Comparison of intravenous ranitidine with pantoprazole in decreasing gastric fluid acidity in emergency cesarean section

Peri-operative aspiration of gastric contents is a problem that causes certain respiratory problems including ARDS. Prophylaxis against aspiration of gastric contents is performed routinely in elective surgeries, but there is rare evidence on the efficacy of this method in emergency cesarean section. This is a randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. 60 parturients undergoing emergency cesarean section were randomly assigned into three groups of 20 each. They were allocated into two study and one placebo groups. The study group one and two received intravenous ranitidine [IV] 50 mg or IV pantoprazole 40 mg, half an hour before induction of GA, respectively. The placebo group was administered just 5 ml of isotonic saline half an hour before GA induction. After intubation and confirmation of endotracheal tube insertion, the gastric contents were aspirated through a nasogastric tube for evaluation of acidity and volume. A statistical difference between group one and two with the control group was observed in the acidity of gastric contents, but there was no difference in volume. Also, the PH level of gastric contents in patients receiving pantoprazole was significantly higher than the isotonic saline [p<0.001] and ranitidine groups. The difference in average level of acidity of gastric contents in patients receiving pantoprazole and ranitidine showed a marginal significance [p

Effect of exercise on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus

Oxidative stress forms the foundation for the induction of multiple cellular pathways which can lead to the complications of diabetes mellitus that the most debilitating ones are diseases of the nervous system. In this study, we evaluated whether treadmill running could alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis rate in the hippocampus of streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups [n=10]: Control group [CR], exercised group [CE], diabetic group [DR] and diabetic-exercised group [DE]. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin in male rats. All rats in the trained group run on a rodent motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. At the end of eight weeks, hippocampi of animals were immediately removed on ice and kept frozen. The light supernatant was taken and stored at -80 [degree sign]C. They were used for determination of antioxidant enzymes and TBARs level. Index of apoptosis was detected by cell death detection ELISA Kit. Levels of TBARs in DR and DE groups were significantly higher than CR group. SOD and GPx activities significantly increased in CE group and decreased in DR group. CAT activity significantly decreased in DR group versus CR group. The apoptosis rate significantly increased and decreased in DR and CE groups respectively compared to CR. Exercise had beneficial effects in the diabetic exercised rats, possibly in part because of alterations in the ability to adapt to exercise- induced oxidative stress

[Pregnancy rate and economic benefit of artificial insemination with sexed-sorted sperm in Holstein heifers]

To improve breeding programs in dairy cattle artificial insemination using sexed sperm has been applied in different farms. To evaluate pregnancy rate and economic benefit of artificial insemination with sexed sperm in Holstein dairy heifers of Shiraz industrial farms. The insemination data of 200 heifers in five farms including sperm types [sexed or conventional] and insemination date and times were collected from March 2009 to March 2010. The pregnancy rate of conventional sperms [72.2%] were significantly higher than the sexed sperms in heifers [49.2%; p=0.001]. The sexed sperms insemination showed lower fertility in the winter [36.3%] when compared with the autumn values [73.9%; p=0.02]. Cost and benefit analysis showed that costs of the first and the second insemination with sexed sperms were higher than the conventional ones. On the other hand, after the second insemination the economic benefit for the sexed sperms was lower than the conventional one. However, the cost and benefit analysis for sexed sperm values showed a trend to the convential ones. If the fertility rate of the sexed sperm insemination in healthy heifers reach to the 90 percent of the conventional sperm, sexed sperm insemination can be more beneficial than the conventional one after two insemination

[Success rate in basic medical sciences national exam among graduates and students applying for transfer to Iran]

In recent years, many Iranians have made educational travel to countries to study in the field of medical sciences. Considering the different educational systems and lack of comprehensive exams in some countries, the present study was attempted. To determine the success rate in basic medical sciences national exam of graduates and students applying for transfer to Iran. In this descriptive study 2621 students from Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Romania, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Philippine, who participated in the medical basic sciences national exam during 1998 to 2008, were evaluated and the success rate calculated. The highest and lowest success rates for countries with more than 100 participants were 48.6% and 27.4% for Armenia and Romania, respectively. Regarding the countries with less than 100 participants, the highest and lowest success rates were 55.6% for Belarus and 8% for Kazakhstan. Based on the field of study, the lowest success rate was associated with pharmacy [15.8%] and the highest with dentistry [38.9%]. The success rates obtained for students from different countries evaluated were much lower than those for domestic students. The reason for this difference is likely due to inappropriate style of national exam with the training methods used for these students or the students' poor educational performance to successfully pass the national medical exam

role of aminoguanidine on functional recovery of rat reperfused sciatic nerve

Ischemia reperfusion plays a major role in the development of pathological alterations in many different neuropathies. In this study, we evaluated the role of aminoguanidme [AG] in the functional recovery of the rat re-perfused sciatic nerve based on the behavioral scores. Seventy two rats were divided into 12 groups [n = 6]. We used ischemic model by occluding the right common iliac and femoral arteries for 3 h with a silk suture 6-0 using the slipknot technique. Treatment groups [2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12] received 150 mg/kg of AG intraperitoneally 24 hrs after the induction of ischemia. After certain time intervals of reperfusion [48 hr, and 4, 7, 14, and 28 days], the function of the hind limb was assessed using behavioral scores based on gait, racing reflex, toe spread, pinch sensitivity, paw position, and grasp. Hind limb functional deficits developed in all reperfused groups, and maximal behavioral deficit occurred on day 7 of reperfusion. The comparison of the control and AG groups revealed a better time course in recovery and improvement of the behavioral score. In conclusion, our findings suggest that post-ischernic administration of AG exhibits a neuroprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury of sciatic nerve. However, further investigations are required to delineate the detailed mechanisms underlying the protective effect of AG in sciatic nerve injury

[Evaluation of Aydughmush dam reservoir water quality by national sanitation foundation water quality index [NSF-WQI] and water quality parameter changes]

Aydughmush dam was built on Aydughmush River at 19km in southwest of Mianeh City. The dam is multipurpose and its main aims are the spring floods control, supplying potable water for villages and providing irrigation water. Different pollutants which probably discharge to the river finally enter to the dam reservoir so; this study focuses on evaluating the quality of the dam reservoir. In this cross sectional study standard field parameters including dissolved oxygen, temperature, Biochemical and chemical oxygen Demand, Most Probable Number of Coliforms, Fecal Coliform, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Solids, pH, conductivity and others were measured at eight different stations during the spring and summer in 2010. Sampling points were selected on the basis of their importance. Water quality index was calculated using water quality index calculator given by National Sanitation Foundation [NSF] information system. The highest value of WQI of the samples was 84.89 in A3 station in July while the lowest value was 67.96 in A2 station in May. The lower value of WQI has been found mainly due to the slightly lower value of DO in the dam reservoir water. Most of the water samples were found within Good category of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index [NSF-WQI]. Comparison of the measured parameters based on the sampling stations and various months by variance and t-student analysis showed a significant relationship for some parameters[P<0.05]. Nutrient budget determination indicates that the concentration of phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonia at inlet are higher than outlet of the dam reservoir. The calculated [WQI] showed good water quality. Based on the results of NSFQWI calculations, the dam reservoir water quality is suitable for various purposes

[Effect of education workshop on interns' knowledge of childhood nutrition and growth monitoring in Qazvin Medical School]

This interventional study was carried out to determine the effect of education workshop on interns' knowledge of Qazvin Medical School over childhood nutrition and growth monitoring in 2003-2004. All medical trainees [191] doing their health course on childhood nutrition and growth monitoring were selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by Macnemar test. Based on results obtained in the present study, while 6.8% of interns were classified as having good knowledge before taking part in education workshop it reached to 63.9% after intervention [P<0.05].Furthermore, the two other groups of participants initially categorized as having intermediate [30.9%] and poor [62.3%] knowledge before the intervention decreased to 28.2% and 7.9%, respectively [P<0.05]. Results from this study emphasize on the necessity of holding workshop for medical students to promote their knowledge and experience associated with nutrition and growth monitoring chart

[ survey of correlation between internet addiction and general health status among the students of Qom university of medical sciences in 2010-2011, Qom, Iran]

Nowadays, internet addiction is known as a psychological disorder in medical science and psychology. Comparing with average users, addicted users' public health are in great danger. This study aims to determine the relationship between internet addiction and students' public health in Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2010 to 2011[1389-1390] academic year. This descriptive study assessed 250 students of Qom university of medical sciences by means of two questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-28] and addiction internet [IAT]. The obtained data were analyzed by using statistical chi-square tests, ANOVA and T test and p<0.05 was considered as the significant level. In this study, 90% were mild addicted users to internet, 9.6% medium addicted users to internet and 4% of users had severe addiction to internet. The most desirable level of general health was observed in mild addicted users [p<0.05]. Significant relationship between internet addiction and general health was not observed. Based on this study, it is necessary to consider internet addiction phenomenon as a serious problem to young generation's health and university officials who are responsible for their health should make a plan in educating and culture of using internet

[Relationship between DNMT1 gene's SNPs and colorectal cancer at Taleghani hospital in Tehran]

The relation between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms [SNPs] and a number of diseases has triggered many researches. Investigating the possible relations between SNPs present in DNMT1 gene from man's chromosome 19 and colorectal cancer. This was a case/control study in which 100 patients with colorectal cancer, referred to Research Center of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases of Shaheed Beheshti Medical University during 2008, were chosen as case group. The control group included an equal number of patients who visited the medical center for a variety of reasons. Genetic test was carried out on all patients to determine the type of 6 SNPs of DNMT1 gene from man's chromosome 19. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software using chi-square test and logistic regression. All SNPs investigated showed significant relations with colorectal cancer indicating that in all cases the chance of getting colorectal cancer in people with genotype 1 and 2 was much higher than those with genotype 0. by exploring people's SNPs, it is feasible to predict the risk of catching colorectal cancer and thus establishing proper preventive measures

[Evaluation of the role of soft palate on switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing during exercise in healthy non-athlete]

Breathing through the nose and mouth is one of the controversial issues during exercise. The present study was scheduled to investigate a quantitative approach to habitual versus the obligatory switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing during exercise as well as coincidence of soft palate movement as the main aims of this study, that has not been studied previously. In this experimental study, twenty-five young adult volunteers [12 males and 13 females] participated in the study. An incremental exercise protocol was incorporated in three protocols for determination of switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing during habitual, obligatory conditions, and determination of change in soft palate position. In two latter conditions, subjects were advised to breathe via nasal route as long as they could. Switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing was determined by a CO2 sensor. Duration of habitual nasal breathing was shorter than tolerated nasal breathing. Obligatory opening of mouth and change in soft palate position were coincident. Ventilation increment at habitual shift from nasal to oronasal respiration was lower than obligatory one. Switching time to oronasal breathing correlated either with ventilation increment or exercise workload. Rate of ventilation was higher in females but switching time was significantly longer in males in three mentioned conditions. In the last two protocols, ventilation incrimination was significantly lower in females. In conclusion, duration of tolerated nasal breathing was longer than habitual one and changes in the position of soft palate occurs simultaneously

[Effect of zataria multifloraboiss essential oil on the growth of bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 in a commercial barley soup]

The growing interest in substitution of chemical food preservatives by naturalones has fostered researchs on plantessentiak oils and extracts. In this study effect of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil [0, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.03%] on Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, [10[3]cfu /ml], was evaluated using sterilized samples [16 bottles containing 80 ml barley soup] and 4 different incubating temperatures [8, 10, 15 and 25°C] during 21 days. Data analysis was done using two way ANOVA. It was found that effect of different concentrations of essential oil on growth rate of Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 was statistically significant [p<0.01]. The results suggested that Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil can be considered as a natural preservative in some foods

prevalence of pediculosis capitis in primary school students in Bahar, Hamadan province, Iran

Head lice infestation caused by Pediculus humanus var capitis [Pediculus capitis] is a worldwide public health concern that affects mostly school aged children. This descriptive, analytical study was carried out in 2008 to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and some risk factors among primary-school pupils in Bahar, Hamadan Province, Iran. We selected 900 pupils [50% girls and 50% boys] from 18 primary schools by multistage, systematic random sampling. Their hair was examined for head louse infestation. The results and demographic information recorded in the questionnaire and then were analyzed by SPSS software. Twelve students [1.3%] were infected with lice, 10 [2.2%] girls and 2 [0.44%] boys. The rate of infection was 0.66% in urban and 1.66% in rural areas. The results showed significant variations in head lice infestation, and factors such as sex, level of parent education and habitat [P<0.05], while there was no significant variation between school grade, members of family and the frequency of hair washing [P> 0.05]. The prevalence of pediculosis was less than average percentages observed in other students inside and outside Iran. We recommend that the parents and teachers should receive training about the danger of infection and its distribution in family and school in order to prevent it

[Correlation between anti-HBs antibody level with education status and duration of practice among dentists in Qazvin city]

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dentists, surgeons, and dialysis staff, are considered to be at higher risk of HBV compared to other health care providers. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between anti-HBs level with education status and duration of dental experience among dentists practicing in Qazvin city, Iran. The participants of this analytical-descriptive survey were consisted of all dentists practicing in Qazvin. A questionnaire was used to collection demographic and clinical information. This step was followed by the collection of blood samples. ELISA technique was used for laboratory assessment of serum specimens for HBsAg and anti-HBs antibody titer. SPSS software and Chi-square test were used for data analysis. Out of 77 dentists who completed the questionnaire, 74 [93.7%], including 49 general practitioners [63.6%] and 24 specialists [36.4%] supplied their blood samples. All blood samples were HBsAg negative. A total of 40 general practitioners [81.6%] and 24 specialists [85.7%] had proper vaccination [dosage]. Among all, 34 general practitioners [69.4%] and 12 specialists [24.9%] reported exposure to patients with hepatitis. The antibody level was less than 10 mIU/ml in 8 general practitioners [10.8%], 10-100 mIU/ml in 12 dentists [16.2%], 100-500 mIU/ml in 23 [31.1%] others, and it was more than 500 mIU/ml in 31 dentists. This level was positive [10-500 mIU/ml] in 2 general practitioners [2.7%] that did not have prior vaccination history. There was a significant correlation between antibody level and vaccine dosage [P= 0.04], as well as the education status [general and specialist] [P= 0.03]. There was no significant correlation between antibody level and duration of dental practice. This study showed significant correlation between anti-HBs antibody levels with education status of dentists in Qazvin city. However, we were not able to detect a significant correlation between antibody level and duration of dental practice in this population

[Effect of Zataria multiflora boiss. essential oil and storage temperature on the growth of E.coli O[157]:H[7] in hamburger using hurdle technology]

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil [0.00, 0.005, 0.015, 0.03%], temperatures [8 and 25°C] and storage time [up to 21 days] was evaluated in a food model system [Humburger]. The correlation coefficient of different concentrations of zataria multiflora Boiss.essential oil with logarithm of the numbers of E.coli O[157]:H[7] was [-o.528]. It was found that effect of different concentrations of essential oil on growth rate of E.coli O157:H7 was statistically significant [p<0.05]. The correlation coefficient of storage time and logarithm of the number of microorganism used in this study was [0.434], which indicated a decrease in the growth rate when the storage time was increased. The effect of storage time on growth rate was statistically significant [p<0.05]. In addition the correlation coefficient of storage temperature with logarithm of the number of bacterium was [0.500]. In other words, decreasing the storage temperature [from 25°C to 8°C] resulted in the decrease of the growth rate of the microorganism [p<0.05]

Correlation between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and incidence of preeclampsia in primigravid Women

Hypertensive disorders have been the most important issues in obstetrics. It seems that the risk factors of preeclampsia are not recognized well. However, depression and maternal anxiety could be the mental aspects of the risk factors in preeclamsia in recent times. The present study conducted to determine the association between maternal anxiety and occurance of preeclampsia, in primigravid women, admitting in clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. A prospective cohort study was used. Speilberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as a data gathering tool, for 750 literate, primigravid women without any history of mental or physical illnesses. All participants were selected through consecutive sampling method. The study findings showed that, the majority of sample group suffered from moderate State anxiety [63.2%] and moderate Trait anxiety [63.4%] respectively. Besides, increasing the severity of both State and Trait anxieties were correlated with higher incidence rate of preeclampsia. Also, statistically significant differences were found between the severity of Trait and State anxieties and Preeclampsia [P0.006 and P0.005], respectively. Results of this study also showed that, there was significant relationship between incidence of risk of preeclampsia and the severity of anxiety, in women with sever State anxiety [P>0.005]. The risk ratio of preeclampsia in women with sever state anxiety was more than of women with mild State anxiety [RR=5.43]. In addition, the risk ratio of preeclampsia in women with sever Trait anxiety, [RR=5.71] was more than of women with mild Trait anxiety. According to the study results, midwives and health care workers' attention to psychological health of pregnant women during prenatal period is one of the most important matter that should be emphasized

Prevalence of HBsAG carriers in pregnant women in Qazvin [2000-2001]

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] is transmitted from various ways including mother to fetus. The rate of transmission from mother to fetus will also increase if both HBsAg and HBeAg are positive. To determine the prevalence of HBsAg carriers in pregnant women in Qazvin. A cross- sectional study was carried out on pregnant women were visited in prenatal clinic of Kosar hospital and private clinics during 2000-2001, and referred to Qazvin transfusion center for laboratory examination. Blood samples were taken from all cases and analyzed for detection of HBsAg by ELISA. In case of positive test for HBsAg, the serum sample was assayed for presence of HBeAg. A questionnaire was used to collect other information. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact test. Study group consisted of 323 pregnant women, among them, eleven [3.4%] were HBsAg+ with no positive result for HBeAg. Positive HBsAg showed a significant relationship with hepatitis history [p<0.001], history of hepatitis in relatives [p=0.033], background diseases [p=0.028], and the history of addiction in partner [p=0.034]. No significant relationship was found with other risk factors such as [history of abortion, dental operations, transfusion, traveling aboard, first pregnancy, contraception, and second marriage]. In cases of significant risk factors [history of hepatitis in pregnant women or their relatives, background diseases, and the presence of addiction in partners], screening test has special necessity. We recommend retesting of high risk pregnant women in their 3rd semester whose primary tests are negative.

Teachers effectiveness on student assessment of teachers and the course

One of the important aspects of education is evaluation which is influenced by various factors. To assess teachers' effectiveness on student evaluation of teacher and course. 290 students of Qazvin medical university [2000-2001] in four classes with four different teachers took part in this research. They filled in a questionnaire containing 10 questions at the beginning of semester before instruction and at the last session. The results indicated that students selected the choice "very much" more frequently at the last session in comparison with the first day of the semester. The score for judgment on a good teacher [characteristics of teachers and criteria of a good teacher] was 4.5 times higher in comparison with the beginning of the semester. Teacher can be considered as an effective factor for students' concept toward the course and themselves